Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-term lung condition that makes breathing difficult. It is often seen in people with a history of smoking or those exposed to environmental pollutants and other lung irritants. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes COPD as one of the leading causes of death globally.

COPD is actually a term used to describe two related conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis. In this article, we’ll explain what causes COPD and the common symptoms that accompany it.

Causes of COPD

As previously stated, COPD includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Emphysema involves damage to the tiny air sacs in the lungs, which lose their elasticity and impair the lungs' ability to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, chronic bronchitis is defined by long-term inflammation of the airways, leading to the excessive production of mucus and difficulty in breathing.

These conditions are usually caused by prolonged exposure to substances that damage the lungs and airways, such as:

Smoking

Smoking is responsible for over 80% of COPD cases. Cigarettes contain numerous harmful chemicals that damage lung tissue and lead to chronic inflammation. Over time, this damage causes the airways to narrow and decreases lung function, which is often irreversible.

Air Pollution

Long-term exposure to industrial dust, chemicals, vehicle exhaust, and smoke from burning fuels can also contribute to the development of COPD, particularly in non-smokers. Inhalation of these substances irritates and damages the airways.

History of Recurrent Lung Infections

People who have had frequent lung infections, especially during childhood, are at a higher risk of developing COPD. Respiratory infections such as bronchitis can cause lasting inflammation and damage to developing lung tissue.

Children who suffer from frequent lung infections may have more vulnerable respiratory systems, lower lung capacity, and a greater tendency to develop chronic lung issues in adulthood if not treated properly.

Genetic Factors

Although rare, genetic conditions can increase the likelihood of developing COPD. One such condition is alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, which can cause lung damage.

Primary Symptoms of COPD

The primary symptoms of COPD include:

• Difficulty breathing, particularly during physical exertion.

• Wheezing (whistling sounds when breathing).

• A persistent cough, often accompanied by clear, white, yellow, or greenish phlegm.

• Chest tightness or a feeling of heaviness.

• Fatigue and weakness.

• Frequent lung infections.

• Unexplained weight loss.

• Swelling in the ankles, feet, or legs.

COPD is a progressive disease, meaning it tends to worsen over time. While there is no complete cure, managing symptoms effectively can significantly improve the quality of life. If you notice any of the symptoms mentioned, it’s important to consult a doctor promptly.

For further information or questions about COPD, you can use the consultation feature on the Ai Care application, which is available for download on both the App Store and Play Store.

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