Cirrhosis is an advanced form of liver damage in which scar tissue replaces healthy liver cells, disrupting normal function. This scarring typically develops after long-standing liver disease, such as chronic viral infection or alcohol-related injury.

This condition not only damages the liver but can also trigger complications that threaten life.

Causes of Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis develops as a result of chronic liver disease. In addition to viral infections, risk factors include obesity, hepatitis, fatty liver disease, iron overload, and adverse effects from certain medications.

When cirrhosis is not managed, scar tissue continues to build. This scarring can impede blood flow through the liver, gradually making it harder for the body to function at its best.

Cirrhosis Complications to Be Aware Of

The liver has a remarkable ability to repair itself. Even so, severe injury can impair liver function and affect other organs. According to Verywell Health, cirrhosis can lead to the following complications:

1. Bruising and Bleeding

Cirrhosis can reduce or halt the liver’s production of proteins needed for normal blood clotting. When clotting is impaired, you are more likely to bruise and bleed unexpectedly.

2. Portal Hypertension

Portal hypertension refers to a portal vein pressure higher than 5 mmHg. This rise of pressure occurs when the scarring slows blood flow through the liver veins. As pressure builds, the blood flow is redirected into smaller veins that may burst because they can't withstand the pressure.

Blood vessels in organs such as the esophagus and stomach can enlarge as well, which makes them prone to bleeding.

3. Swelling in the Legs and Abdomen

Portal hypertension can cause fluid to accumulate in the legs (edema) and in the abdomen (ascites), leading to noticeable swelling. Besides increased pressure, this swelling can result from reduced production of albumin by the damaged liver.

4. Jaundice

Jaundice occurs when the skin and the whites of the eyes appear yellow. Urine, normally yellow, can become dark. This happens because a diseased liver cannot effectively clear bilirubin from the bloodstream.

5. Hepatic Encephalopathy

A damaged liver cannot adequately remove toxins from the blood, allowing them to build up and reach the brain. This disease is called hepatic encephalopathy.

The accumulation of toxins interferes with brain function and can impair thinking. In severe cases, it may cause cognitive changes, coma, or even death.

6. Diabetes

Cirrhosis can make it harder for the body to use insulin effectively. The pancreas may try to compensate by producing more insulin, yet blood sugar levels can still rise over time, which can progress to type 2 diabetes.

Cirrhosis is a serious liver disease that requires appropriate care. If you have cirrhosis or other liver concerns, consult a doctor promptly for treatment. Early management can help prevent dangerous complications that may be life-threatening.

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